too và enough (too / enough)
too nghĩa là QUÁ (vượt mức cần thiết, thường mang nghĩa tiêu cực), còn enough nghĩa là ĐỦ. Điểm khó nằm ở vị trí: too đứng TRƯỚC tính từ, còn enough đứng SAU tính từ nhưng TRƯỚC danh từ. Cả hai đều hay đi với to + V hoặc for + người.
too
| Công thức | Ví dụ |
|---|---|
| too + adjective | This jacket is too big. |
| too + adverb | You’re speaking too fast. |
| too much + uncountable noun | There’s too much salt in the soup. |
| too many + plural noun | There are too many cars in the city. |
| too + adjective + to V | The box is too heavy to lift. |
| too + adjective + for + someone | This test is too difficult for me. |
enough
| Công thức | Ví dụ |
|---|---|
| adjective + enough | Is the water warm enough? |
| adverb + enough | He didn’t run fast enough. |
| enough + noun | We have enough chairs for everyone. |
| not + adjective + enough + to V | She isn’t old enough to drive. |
| enough + noun + for + someone | Is there enough food for ten people? |
Khi danh từ đã rõ, bạn có thể bỏ nó đi: “Do you need more chairs?” — “No, we have enough.”
too, very hay enough?
| Từ | Nghĩa | Ví dụ |
|---|---|---|
| very | rất (chỉ nhấn mạnh) | The tea is very hot, but I can drink it. |
| too | quá (không làm được) | The tea is too hot. I can’t drink it. |
| enough | đủ | The tea is cool enough now. |
too ≠ very
too luôn ngụ ý rằng có vấn đề, còn very chỉ đơn thuần nhấn mạnh.
- It’s too expensive. I can’t buy it. — Đắt quá, tôi không mua nổi.
Vị trí của enough
enough đứng sau tính từ hoặc trạng từ, nhưng đứng trước danh từ.
- I don’t have enough time to cook. — Tôi không đủ thời gian để nấu ăn.
too / enough + to V
Khi đi với to + V, cả hai dùng để nói kết quả: quá… nên không thể; đủ… để có thể.
- He’s tall enough to reach the shelf. — Anh ấy đủ cao để với tới kệ.
enough đứng một mình; too ⇄ not enough
enough đứng một mình khi đã rõ nói về cái gì: We don’t need more money. We have enough. So sánh too và not … enough: You never stop working. You work too hard (= nhiều hơn mức cần). You’re lazy. You don’t work hard enough (= ít hơn mức cần). Cũng so sánh: There’s too much furniture in this room. There’s not enough space; There were too many people and not enough chairs.
- You never stop working. You work too hard. — Bạn làm việc không ngừng. Bạn làm việc quá sức.
- You’re lazy. You don’t work hard enough. — Bạn lười. Bạn làm việc chưa đủ chăm.
enough / too + for somebody + to do something
for + người / vật: Does Joe have enough experience for the job? This bag isn’t big enough for all my clothes. That shirt is too small for you. to + V: Does Joe have enough experience to do the job? Let’s get a taxi. It’s too far to walk home. She’s not old enough to have a driving licence. Có thể dùng cả hai: The bridge is just wide enough for two cars to pass one another.
- The bridge is just wide enough for two cars to pass one another. — Cây cầu vừa đủ rộng cho hai chiếc xe tránh nhau.
- Let’s get a taxi. It’s too far to walk home. — Đi taxi đi. Đi bộ về nhà thì xa quá.
too hot to eat: không thêm tân ngữ it / them
The food was very hot. We couldn’t eat it ⇒ The food was so hot that we couldn’t eat it ⇒ The food was too hot to eat (không nói “to eat it”). Tương tự: These boxes are too heavy to carry (không nói to carry them); The wallet was too big to put in my pocket; This chair isn’t strong enough to stand on.
- The food was too hot to eat. (not to eat it) — Đồ ăn nóng quá không ăn được.
- These boxes are too heavy to carry. — Những cái hộp này nặng quá không mang nổi.
Lưu ý
- Đừng nói “enough big” hay “too much big”: cách đúng là “big enough”, “too big”.
- too much / too many đi với DANH TỪ; trước tính từ thì chỉ dùng too: nói “too hot”, không phải “too much hot”.