Từ nối tương phản (Contrast)
Từ nối tương phản đặt hai ý trái ngược cạnh nhau. Điều quan trọng nhất là theo sau từ nối là GÌ: but, yet, although, even though, whereas đi với mệnh đề; despite, in spite of đi với danh từ / V-ing; còn however thì đứng đầu câu thứ hai.
Một ý, tám cách nói
| Từ nối | Ví dụ |
|---|---|
| but | He’s rich, but he isn’t happy. |
| yet | He’s rich, yet he isn’t happy. |
| however | He’s rich. However, he isn’t happy. |
| although | Although he’s rich, he isn’t happy. |
| even though | Even though he’s rich, he isn’t happy. |
| though | He’s rich. He isn’t happy, though. |
| despite | Despite being rich, he isn’t happy. |
| in spite of | In spite of his money, he isn’t happy. |
Theo sau là gì?
| Theo sau là | Từ nối | Ví dụ |
|---|---|---|
| mệnh đề (S + V) | although, even though, though, whereas, while | Although it rained, we went out. |
| danh từ / V-ing | despite, in spite of | Despite the rain, we went out. |
| the fact that + mệnh đề | despite, in spite of | Despite the fact that it rained, we went out. |
| câu mới (sau dấu chấm) | however, nevertheless, on the other hand | It rained. However, we went out. |
whereas / while: so sánh hai thứ
| Công thức | Ví dụ |
|---|---|
| A …, whereas B … | My sister loves sport, whereas I prefer reading. |
| While A …, B … | While Hanoi is cold in winter, Saigon is hot all year. |
although và despite
although đi với mệnh đề; despite đi với danh từ / V-ing.
- Despite feeling tired, she finished the race. — Dù mệt, cô ấy vẫn chạy về đích.
however
however trang trọng hơn but; nó mở đầu một câu mới và có dấu phẩy theo sau.
- The plan is good. However, it’s expensive. — Kế hoạch tốt. Tuy nhiên, nó tốn kém.
though cuối câu
Trong văn nói, though đặt ở cuối câu nghĩa là “nhưng mà”.
- The hotel was nice. The food was awful, though. — Khách sạn đẹp. Có điều đồ ăn thì dở tệ.
although + chủ ngữ + động từ; so với because
Sau although dùng một mệnh đề (chủ ngữ + động từ): Although it rained a lot, they had a good time (= It rained a lot, but they had a good time). I didn’t apply for the job although I had the necessary qualifications. So sánh nghĩa although và because: We went out although it was raining heavily ⇄ We didn’t go out because it was raining heavily.
- Although it rained a lot, they had a good time. — Dù trời mưa nhiều, họ vẫn có khoảng thời gian vui vẻ.
- We went out although it was raining heavily. — Chúng tôi vẫn ra ngoài dù trời mưa to.
in spite of / despite + danh từ, đại từ (this, that, what) hoặc V-ing
Sau in spite of và despite dùng danh từ, đại từ hoặc V-ing: In spite of the rain, we had a good time. She wasn’t well, but in spite of this she continued working. In spite of what I said yesterday, I still love you. I didn’t apply for the job in spite of having the necessary qualifications. despite giống in spite of nhưng không có of: She wasn’t well, but despite this she continued working (không nói despite of this).
- In spite of the rain, we had a good time. — Mặc dù trời mưa, chúng tôi vẫn vui.
- She wasn’t well, but despite this she continued working. — Cô ấy không khoẻ, nhưng dù vậy cô ấy vẫn tiếp tục làm việc.
in spite of the fact (that) / despite the fact (that) + mệnh đề; so với because of
Có thể nói in spite of the fact (that) … và despite the fact (that) … rồi tới một mệnh đề: I didn’t apply for the job despite the fact (that) I had the necessary qualifications. So sánh in spite of và because of: We went out in spite of the rain (hoặc despite the rain) ⇄ We didn’t go out because of the rain.
- I didn’t apply for the job despite the fact (that) I had the necessary qualifications. — Tôi không nộp đơn xin việc đó dù tôi có đủ bằng cấp cần thiết.
although ⇄ in spite of / despite: không nói in spite of + mệnh đề
Although the traffic was bad, we arrived on time ⇄ In spite of the traffic, we arrived on time (không nói in spite of the traffic was bad). I couldn’t sleep although I was very tired ⇄ I couldn’t sleep despite being very tired (không nói despite I was tired).
- Although the traffic was bad, we arrived on time. / In spite of the traffic, we arrived on time. — Dù giao thông tệ, chúng tôi vẫn đến đúng giờ.
though = although; though cuối câu (văn nói); even though
though nghĩa là although: I didn’t apply for the job though I had the necessary qualifications. Trong văn nói, though hay đứng ở cuối câu với nghĩa “nhưng mà”: The house isn’t so nice. I like the garden though. I see them every day. I’ve never spoken to them though. Cũng có even though (không dùng even một mình) tương tự although: Even though I was really tired, I couldn’t sleep.
- The house isn’t so nice. I like the garden though. — Ngôi nhà không đẹp lắm. Nhưng tôi thích khu vườn.
- Even though I was really tired, I couldn’t sleep. — Dù đã rất mệt, tôi vẫn không ngủ được.
Lưu ý
- Đừng viết “Although…, but…”: “tuy… nhưng…” của tiếng Việt chỉ dùng MỘT từ nối trong tiếng Anh.
- Không nói “despite of”: chỉ có despite hoặc in spite of.